Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Systems that retrieve external evidence at query time and supply it to a generative language component before producing an answer.
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Neuromorphic Computing
Computing architectures that use brain-inspired event-driven neurons, synapses and memory-compute integration.
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Protein Language Models
Machine-learning models that learn statistical representations of amino-acid sequences for prediction and molecular design.
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Reinforcement Learning
Machine learning for sequential decisions in which an agent improves behaviour from rewards generated through interaction.
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Swarm Intelligence
Collective problem-solving that emerges from local interactions among many comparatively simple autonomous agents.
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Transformer Architectures
Neural-network systems that model relationships among tokens using attention and parallel sequence processing.
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Federated Learning
Distributed machine learning that coordinates model training across data holders without centralising their raw records.
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Synthetic Biology
The design and construction of biological systems using engineering principles, quantitative models and molecular tools.
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Graph Neural Networks
Machine-learning architectures that learn representations from entities connected by relational structure.
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Artificial Neural Networks
Layered computational models that learn distributed representations by adjusting weighted connections from data.
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