Topological Insulators
Quantum materials with an insulating bulk and robust conducting states at their surfaces or edges.
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Fusion Energy
The controlled release of nuclear binding energy by combining light nuclei under extreme temperature and confinement.
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Exoplanet Detection
Methods for identifying and characterising planets orbiting stars beyond the Solar System.
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The Global Carbon Cycle
The movement of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, living organisms, soils, rocks and Earth's interior.
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Messenger RNA Vaccines
Vaccines that deliver temporary genetic instructions so cells produce an antigen and train adaptive immunity.
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Ecosystem Biodiversity
Variation within species, among species and across ecosystems, together with the interactions that sustain ecological function.
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Protein Folding
The process by which an amino-acid chain acquires the three-dimensional structure needed for biological function.
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Dark Matter
A name for the unseen gravitating component inferred from galaxies, clusters and the large-scale structure of the universe.
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Antibiotic Resistance
The inherited ability of microorganisms to survive or grow at drug concentrations that would normally inhibit them.
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Blockchain Consensus
How distributed participants agree on an ordered ledger despite delays, failures and conflicting proposals.
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Prime Numbers
Positive integers greater than one whose only positive divisors are one and themselves.
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Climate Feedback Loops
Processes that amplify or reduce an initial change in Earth's climate system.
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Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis
How electron transport and a proton gradient power ATP production across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Black Hole Accretion Disks
Rotating, heated flows of matter that release energy while spiralling toward a black hole.
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Artificial Neural Networks
Layered computational models that learn distributed representations by adjusting weighted connections from data.
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Plate Tectonics
The framework that explains the motion of Earth's lithospheric plates and the concentration of geological activity at their boundaries.
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Photosynthesis
The biological conversion of light energy into chemical energy, coupled to carbon fixation in plants, algae and some bacteria.
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Gravitational Waves
Ripples in spacetime produced by accelerating mass distributions and detected through their effect on distance.
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CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
A programmable molecular system that can cut DNA near a sequence selected by a guide RNA.
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Quantum Entanglement
How composite quantum systems exhibit correlations that cannot be reproduced by classical local models.
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