CAR T-Cell Therapy
Cell therapy in which a patient's or donor's T cells are engineered with a synthetic receptor that recognises a selected disease antigen.
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Liquid Biopsy
Analysis of tumour-derived DNA, cells, vesicles or other biomarkers in blood and body fluids to characterise cancer non-invasively.
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Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Systems that retrieve external evidence at query time and supply it to a generative language component before producing an answer.
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Topological Data Analysis
Methods that quantify connected components, loops and higher-dimensional voids in data across a range of spatial scales.
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Planetary Habitability
The capacity of a planetary environment to sustain conditions compatible with life over relevant places and times.
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Viral Evolution
The change of viral populations through mutation, selection, recombination, migration and genetic drift across hosts and time.
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Dark Energy
The name given to the component or gravitational effect associated with the accelerating expansion of the universe.
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Ribosome Translation
The molecular decoding of messenger RNA into an ordered amino-acid chain by ribosomes and transfer RNAs.
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Gravitational Lensing
The deflection and magnification of light by curved spacetime around intervening mass distributions.
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Causal Inference
Statistical and experimental frameworks for estimating how interventions change outcomes rather than merely describing associations.
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Homomorphic Encryption
Cryptographic methods that permit selected computations on encrypted data without first revealing the plaintext.
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Bayesian Inference
A framework for updating probability distributions over unknown quantities when new evidence is observed.
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Exoplanet Detection
Methods for identifying and characterising planets orbiting stars beyond the Solar System.
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Ecosystem Biodiversity
Variation within species, among species and across ecosystems, together with the interactions that sustain ecological function.
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Antibiotic Resistance
The inherited ability of microorganisms to survive or grow at drug concentrations that would normally inhibit them.
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Blockchain Consensus
How distributed participants agree on an ordered ledger despite delays, failures and conflicting proposals.
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Climate Feedback Loops
Processes that amplify or reduce an initial change in Earth's climate system.
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Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis
How electron transport and a proton gradient power ATP production across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Gravitational Waves
Ripples in spacetime produced by accelerating mass distributions and detected through their effect on distance.
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