CAR T-Cell Therapy
Cell therapy in which a patient's or donor's T cells are engineered with a synthetic receptor that recognises a selected disease antigen.
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Immunometabolism
The reciprocal control between cellular metabolic pathways and the activation, differentiation and function of immune cells.
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Microfluidics
The control of very small fluid volumes in engineered channels for analysis, synthesis and biological experimentation.
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mRNA Therapeutics
Medicines that deliver engineered messenger RNA so cells transiently produce a therapeutic protein or antigen.
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Autophagy
Cellular pathways that deliver cytoplasmic material to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, quality control and recycling.
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Bioprinting
Layer-by-layer fabrication of living tissue constructs using cells, biomaterials and spatially controlled deposition.
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Circadian Rhythms
Endogenous biological cycles near twenty-four hours that coordinate physiology and behaviour with environmental time.
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Transformer Architectures
Neural-network systems that model relationships among tokens using attention and parallel sequence processing.
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Ribosome Translation
The molecular decoding of messenger RNA into an ordered amino-acid chain by ribosomes and transfer RNAs.
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Organoids
Three-dimensional, self-organising cell cultures that reproduce selected structural and functional features of organs.
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Synthetic Biology
The design and construction of biological systems using engineering principles, quantitative models and molecular tools.
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Graph Neural Networks
Machine-learning architectures that learn representations from entities connected by relational structure.
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Messenger RNA Vaccines
Vaccines that deliver temporary genetic instructions so cells produce an antigen and train adaptive immunity.
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Protein Folding
The process by which an amino-acid chain acquires the three-dimensional structure needed for biological function.
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Artificial Neural Networks
Layered computational models that learn distributed representations by adjusting weighted connections from data.
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